COURAGE

Mbledhje koleksionesh

Keçmezi-Basha gjithashtu ka mbledhur dhe redaktuar dokumentet e gjykatës. Njëra që konsiderohet si e rëndësishme e këtij koleksioni jep informacion mbi procedurat gjyqësore kundër Grupit të Lidhjes së Prizrenit në vitin 1950.
Lidhja e Prizrenit ishte një organizatë politike shqiptare e themeluar zyrtarisht më 10 qershor 1878 në qendrën historike të Prizrenit, Kosovë. Një nga kërkesat kryesore të Lidhjes ishte bashkimi i të gjitha territoreve të pretenduara shqiptare brenda Perandorisë Osmane në një vilajet. Në gjysmën e dytë të shekullit të njëzetë, organizatat ilegale në rajonet e Kosovës (duke përfshirë edhe Dukagjinin) përdorën të njëjtin emër për të demonstruar një organizim   me Lidhjen historike të Prizrenit të vitit 1878. Ndër të tjerë, Liga Moderne e Prizrenit   u udhëhoq , nga figura të njohura kombëtare dhe intelektualë të periudha përfshirë Ymer Berisha, Halim Spahiu, Selman Riza, Gjon Serreqi.

Duhet të theksohet se programi i kësaj organizate illegal  synonte kryesisht në bashkimin e asaj që e konsideronte "tokat shqiptare" në një shtet. Në sytë e regjimit jugosllav, grupi illegal  kërcënoi rendin shoqëror të RSFJ-së, e cila ishte arsyeja kryesore për persekutimin e tyre.

Sipas dokumenteve të Gjykatës së Qarkut në Prishtinë, Lidhja e Prizrenit u krijua gjatë verës së vitit 1949. Gjykimi u mbajt më 24-26 korrik 1950, në të njëjtën gjykatë. Dušan Stanić, ishte  kryetar i jurisë dhe Čedomir Ilić dhe Muharrem Agja si gjyqtarë. Ky gjyq u bazua në padinë e Prokurorisë Publike 79/50, nga 27 qershor 1950, e cila u paraqit nga Bora Stanojević.

Gjykatësi e shpalli të akuzuarit fajtor dhe i dënoi ata sipas nenit 13 të ligjit penal jugosllav. Të akuzuarit u shpallën fajtorë për "planifikimin për të sfiduar dhunshëm rendin shoqëror të RSFJ-së, duke u bashkuar me forcë në Shqipërisë dhe kthimin e rendit kapitalist në RSFJ".

Aktivistët e mëposhtëm u gjetën fajtorë dhe u dënuan:

1. Shaban Dërguti, student i agronomisë nga Rahoveci, i lindur më 1924. Për

përfshirje në aktivitete të paligjshme, i dënuar me 20 vjet burg.

2. Mustafa Nixha, një nëpunës nga Prizreni, i lindur në Gjakovë në vitin 1918. Ai ishte i martuar dhe babai i një fëmije. I dënuar me 20 vjet burg.

3. Shaban Mazreku, një fermer nga Suhareka, i lindur në vitin 1919. Ai ishte i martuar. Ai u mbajt në paraburgim që nga 19 shkurti 1950. I dënuar me 101 vjet burg.

4. Biter Dehalla, një zejtar nga Prizreni, i lindur në vitin 1929. Arrestuar më 1 mars 1950. I dënuar me 17 vjet burg.

„Blind Chance” is one of the most known films of the Polish cinema of moral anxiety genre. The plot of the film is divided in three equally important parts: three different life stories of a young man (reenacted by Bogusław Linda). Depending on the sheer accident (him getting on the train or missing it), the main character enters different social milieus and constructs differently his biography. Main question of the “Blind Chance” is a reflexion on human agency and ability to shape one’s fate, destiny and inevitable course of events. Film shows in an interesting way the social reality of Poland in the 1970s and the 1980s. Depending on the smallest, the most mundane choices a student could find himself in different social groups: communist party, democratic opposition or politically neutral Academia.

Kieślowski’s film was produced in 1981, but it was not screened until 1987, as it was perceived as “dangerous” by the censorship and the Ministry of Culture and Art. In the National Film Archive we can access the protocol from the pre-release closed screening devoted to “Blind chance”. Some of the participants of the Ministry’s pre-release commission, tried to underline the philosophical and metaphysical value of the film as well as the craftsmanship of the director and the historical value of the oeuvre (the pre-release screening took place only few days after the introduction of Martial Law in Poland). Most of voices in discussion did not perceive the film as a threat to Polish society. Despite of rather mild opinions voiced during the pre-release audition, the “Blind Chance” waited 6 years to be shown publicly in Polish cinemas.

This makes Kieślowski’s „Blind Chance” one of the most known „półkownik” (Polish vernacular world for “films laying on the shelves for years”). The case of Kieślowski’s film shows that even the movies produced with support of the public funding and despite the positive feedback from other filmmakers could be banned from distribution under the excuse of posing a threat. In this sense, even film directors working publicly, could be taken out from the official field of cinema production.

„By the railroad” is a film based on one of the novels of Zofia Nałkowska's „Medallions”, written just after the World War II (1946). This debut of Andrzej Brzozowski was banned from being shown publicly for 27 years. Zofia Nałkowska was a member of the Central Committee for Investigating German Crimes in Poland, a body documenting from 1945 to 1949 Nazi crimes on Jewish and Polish citizens during the Second World War. In her novels, Nałkowska in very modest, moderate way describes the atrocities of German occupation in Poland. The book “Medallions”, one of the most vital sources of social imagination about the World War II in Poland, is an important part of school curriculum, read by generations of Polish pupils.

Film “By the Railroad” by Brzozowski is an accurate film adaptation of Nałkowska’s novel under the same title. It concentrates on the Jewish woman who jumped off the train heading to concentration camp. She breaks her leg and lays on the ground by the railroad, while people from the nearby village debate what they should do with her. The plot of the novel and the film raises the issue (often neglected in official narrative) of Polish reactions to Holocaust and especially Jews trying to survive “on the Aryan side” - outside ghettos and concentration camps. The question of Polish “bystanders” to Holocaust, was only one of issues tackled in Nałkowska’s novels. Film by Brzozowski clearly concentrates on the indifference of the Catholic citizens of Poland in the face of perpetrations aimed at their Jewish compatriots.  

Banning Brzozowski’s film from public distribution was a result of fear that this oeuvre could be used for “anti-Polish propaganda” and could “threaten Polish reason of state” (Preizner 2010). Events presented in the film contrasted with the historical narrative of Polish authorities, which presented Polish citizens as victims of Nazi crimes and neglected the importance of Jewish experience.

Film critics (Preizner 2010, Calderón Puerta 2010) state that the film itself is more suggestive than Nałkowska’s novel. Role of Halina Mikołajska, austere filming, concentration on one short plot have a great influence on the audience. However,  the film was shown in public television broadcast only in 1992 (sic!), late in the night and without any meaningful public discussion.

Wojciech Zamecznik worked on the series of graphic artists' portraits from the 1940s to the 1960s. On the pictures one can distinguish the representatives of "Polish school of graphic design" - the milieu of artists producing posters for cinema and theatre production, known for their unusual formal solutions. Pictures include portraits of Henryk Tomaszewski, Roman Cieślewicz, Jan Młodożeniec, Wojciech Fangor, Franciszk Starowieyski, and Waldemar Świerzy. Apart from individual portraits, the series consists of group photographs, and representations of work in shared workshops and newspaper offices. The most important magazine presented on the picture is the "Project", artistic magazine launched after "the Thaw" (period of detente after Stalin's death - 1956 in Poland). The artistic environment gathered in the "Project" editorial team wanted to promote modern forms of graphic design and opposed the dominant socialist lack of aesthetics.

The Jerzy Grzegorzewski Section, which is a part of the Artistic Archive of the Studio Theatre, was officially opened to public in 2010, five years after the Grzegorzewski's death. It contains the most complete and the most studied collections of the Archive – the collection of Jerzy Grzegorzewski, a great figure of the Polish theatre. The legacy consists of personal notes of the director, photographs, and video recordings documenting his plays, as well as a vast collection of press snippets and reviews of his work. Some of these documents have been digitalised and are available on the Section’s website, together with commentaries and critics’ texts on Grzegorzewski’s works, written by young theatrologists. Mateusz Żurawski is working on another publication based on the documents from the Section. The Section closely cooperates with Zbigniew Raszewski Theatre Institute, an institution based in Warsaw, documenting the history of modern theatre.